University of Barcelona study reveals electronic music at 1.65 Hz induces strongest neural synchronization

A study led by Raquel Aparicio-Terrés at the University of Barcelona, published on bioRxiv, found that electronic music played at a tempo of 1.65 Hz induces the most intense effects on brain activity, particularly neural synchronization known as entrainment. This effect was identified in frontocentral brain regions associated with sensorimotor and auditory processing. The experiment involved 19 young adults in an anechoic chamber, listening to six music excerpts at three tempos: 1.65 Hz, 2.25 Hz, and 2.85 Hz. Electroencephalography (EEG) recorded brain activity, and participants completed reaction time tasks, response inhibition tests, and the 11D-ASC questionnaire to assess subjective experiences of unity, spirituality, and disembodiment. Results showed that 1.65 Hz produced the greatest neural synchronization and higher feelings of unity compared to faster tempos. No significant differences were found for spirituality or disembodiment. Reaction time and executive function were not significantly altered by tempo, though individual differences in entrainment correlated with response time variations. The study frames entrainment as a biological basis for altered states of consciousness observed in electronic music festivals and shamanic rituals. Researchers suggest potential therapeutic applications for disorders of consciousness like coma or vegetative state, but emphasize the need for further research.