The Praetorian Auction: How the Roman Empire Was Sold in 193 AD

In 193 AD, a remarkable incident occurred within the Roman Empire when the Praetorian Guard sold the imperial throne to the highest bidder. After the assassinations of emperors Commodus and Pertinax in just 100 days, the Praetorians fortified themselves in their castra and considered bids from two contenders: Didius Julianus and Titus Sulpicianus. This auction, which Cassius Dio labeled a 'disgraceful business,' saw Sulpicianus initially offering 20,000 sesterces, only for Julianus to outbid him with 25,000, securing the throne. However, Julianus's rule was brief; he faced public backlash as three provincial leaders—Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus, and Septimius Severus—proclaimed themselves emperors. Severus, the governor of Pannonia, advanced on Rome, leading to Julianus's execution after 66 days. This tumultuous year became known as the 'Year of the Five Emperors,' illustrating the Praetorian Guard's significant influence and the precarious nature of imperial succession, emphasizing the impact of wealth and military power in Roman governance.