Ottoman Animal Welfare: Laws, Hospitals, and Bird Palaces

The Ottoman Empire implemented an animal welfare framework rooted in Islamic principles, acknowledging animals as sentient beings worthy of dignity. By the 16th century, laws for animal protection began to take shape, highlighted by Sultan Murad III's 1587 proclamation and subsequent edicts from Selim III aimed at protecting pack animals. To encourage animal charities, tax benefits were introduced. Offenses against animals could lead to arrest or monetary penalties. Community initiatives for street animals included wooden shelters and feeding programs funded by mosques during Ramadan. The 19th century saw the establishment of the first animal hospital, Gurabahâne-i Laklakan, in Bursa, which was renovated in 2010. Istanbul's bird palaces house over 300 species, and public fountains, supported by figures such as Grand Vizier Lütfi Pasha in 1544, provided water for travelers and stray animals. In the early 20th century, İsmail Saib Sencer tended to street cats.