Khomeini's Theological Shift: State Above Sharia in Iran
The Islamic Republic of Iran places greater emphasis on state law than on Sharia, a framework introduced by Ruhollah Khomeini aimed at consolidating Shiism and strengthening the state. Within Shiism, there are various branches—Fivers, Seveners, and Twelvers—with the Twelvers being the most populous. Historical divisions emerged regarding the succession of Imams, culminating in the twelfth Imam's occultation in 874. This led to a shared power dynamic between Ayatollahs and monarchs, fostering political quietism. Khomeini's principle of Wilayat al-Faqih, outlined in Article 5 of the Iranian Constitution, consolidated authority in the Supreme Leader, abolishing the traditional duality. He prioritized justice over law, positioning the Islamic government above Sharia. Wael Hallaq, in "The Impossible State," contends this leads to a government that supersedes Sharia, prompting inquiries into the Islamic identity of the Republic.
Key facts
- The Islamic Republic of Iran puts state law above Sharia.
- Khomeini established this system to overcome historical splits in Shiism.
- Shiism is divided into Fivers (Zaydis), Seveners (Ismailis), and Twelvers.
- Twelvers believe the twelfth Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, went into occultation in 874.
- The Greater Occultation began after the death of the fourth deputy without a successor.
- Khomeini introduced the doctrine of Wilayat al-Faqih, enshrined in Article 5 of the Iranian Constitution.
- Khomeini performed a 'reverse secularization,' handing absolute sovereignty to the jurist.
- Wael Hallaq argues an Islamic nation-state is impossible due to inverted authority.
Entities
Institutions
- Islamic Republic of Iran
- Iranian government
- Safavids
- Qajars
- Pope Gelasius I
- Holy Roman Empire
- Church
Locations
- Iran