Battery control framework for non-uniform FCR bidding and imbalance participation

A research paper on arXiv proposes a two-stage control framework for Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) to optimize value-stacking by combining Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) and imbalance arbitrage in European power systems. The framework introduces non-uniform FCR bids, which vary over time, unlike prior research that relies on static uniform bids. The first stage uses data-driven Monte Carlo optimization to derive a time-varying bid sequence, while the second stage employs Deep Reinforcement Learning. This approach aims to better exploit BESS flexibility by balancing energy reserved for FCR delivery and for imbalance arbitrage, addressing the limitation of static bids that fail to maximize value in multi-market participation. The paper is published on arXiv with ID 2605.23964.