The 1680 Pueblo Revolt: A 12-Year Native American Victory Against Spanish Colonization

In 1680, the Pueblo people, under the leadership of Tewa chief Po’pay, successfully revolted against Spanish colonizers in Nuevo México, driving them out for a period of twelve years. This uprising was sparked by years of oppression, a significant drought in the 1670s, and the arrest of 47 Pueblo medicine men by Governor Juan Francisco Treviño in 1675. The insurrection commenced on August 10, 1680, following the capture of messengers. Pueblo forces laid siege to Santa Fe, prompting Governor Antonio de Otermín to withdraw in September 1680. During the period of Pueblo control, Po’pay's leadership led to internal conflicts. Spanish attempts to reclaim the territory were unsuccessful until 1692, when Diego de Vargas facilitated a return. Many Puebloans fled amid ongoing resistance, while the Hopi pueblos maintained their independence. This revolt stands as a testament to Indigenous resilience.