Mont-Saint-Michel's Evolution from 8th-Century Abbey to UNESCO World Heritage Fortress

The evolution of Mont-Saint-Michel commenced in 708 AD when Aubert, the Bishop of Avranches, constructed an oratory following the appearance of the Archangel Michael. Initially known as Mont-Tombe, it evolved into a significant pilgrimage site. Its natural defenses protected it from Viking raids in the 9th century. In 966 AD, Duke Richard I welcomed Benedictine monks, officially establishing the monastery. The abbey became a symbol of Norman authority, particularly after William the Conqueror's land grants in 1066. From the 13th to the 15th centuries, it served as a military fortress, enduring English assaults during the Hundred Years' War. Later, it turned into a prison under King Louis XI. Restoration efforts began after 1863, and it was occupied by German forces during WWII until its liberation. In 1979, it was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site, drawing millions of tourists.