Klaus Mann's Role in Founding Exile Literary Magazine During Nazi Era

Klaus Mann left Germany immediately after Hitler's rise to power in January 1933 and became active in anti-Nazi exile circles. He collaborated with his close friend Fritz H. Landshoff, a German-Dutch Jewish publisher in exile in Amsterdam. Landshoff had persuaded Emanuel Querido, a Dutch Jewish publisher later killed by Nazis in 1943, to expand his publishing house with a German section, which became a key exile publisher and a landmark for 20th-century German literature. Mann convinced Landshoff to establish the first German exile magazine, 'Die Sammlung. Literarische Monatsschrift' (The Collection. Literary Monthly), which was published regularly from September 1933 to August 1935, totaling 24 issues, before closing due to problems.